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本博客 Nginx 配置完整篇
- Authors
- Name
- Yuga Sun
最近在进行博客升级 HTTPS 和 HTTP2 的时候遇到了各种问题,于是卸载了 nginx,重新进行了安装,并参考 @Jerry Qu 博客完整配置的文章 本博客 Nginx 配置之完整篇,由于屈大大的博客服务器是 Ubuntu 的,本人使用的是一台 VPS,系统是 Centos6.5,所以很多配置参数需要做相应的修改,其中也遇到了不同的问题,并一一解决了,因此本篇在屈大大原文的基础上进行了相关修改。最终博客实现了全站 HTTPS,并升级 HTTP1.1 到 HTTP2。
再次感谢屈大大的博文指引我顺利的完成了 Nginx、HTTPS、HTTP2 的所有配置。
安装依赖
我的 VPS
系统是 Centos6.5
,所有命令均使用 root
用户安装,所以省去了 sudo
, 如果你使用的是其它发行版,与包管理有关的命令请自行调整。
yum -y install build-essential libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev unzip git
获取必要组件
nginx-ct
nginx-ct
模块用于启用 Certificate Transparency 功能。直接从 Github 上获取源码:
cd ~
wget -O nginx-ct.zip -c https://github.com/grahamedgecombe/nginx-ct/archive/v1.3.2.zip
unzip
ngx_brotli
本站支持 Google 开发的 Brotli 压缩格式,它通过内置分析大量网页得出的字典,实现了更高的压缩比率,同时几乎不影响压缩/解压速度。
以下就是让 Nginx 支持 Brotli 所需准备工作,这些工作是一次性的。首先安装 libbrotli:
yum -y install autoconf libtool automake
git clone https://github.com/bagder/libbrotli
cd libbrotli
# 如果提示 error: C source seen but 'CC' is undefined,可以在 configure.ac 最后加上 AC_PROG_CC
./autogen.sh
./configure
make
sudo make install
cd ../
默认 libbrotli 装在 /usr/local/lib/libbrotlienc.so.1
,如果后续启动 Nginx 时提示找不到这个文件,那么可以把它软链到 /lib
或者 /usr/lib
目录。如果还有问题,请参考这篇文章查找解决方案。
接下来获取 ngx_brotli源码:
git clone https://github.com/google/ngx_brotli.git
cd ngx_brotli
git submodule update --init
cd ../
Cloudflare 补丁
本站主要使用了 Cloudflare 的 ChaCha20/Poly1305 for OpenSSL 补丁,以及 Dynamic TLS Records for Nginx 补丁。先来获取补丁文件:
git clone https://github.com/cloudflare/sslconfig.git
OpenSSL
由于系统自带的 OpenSSL 库往往不够新,推荐在编译 Nginx 时指定 OpenSSL 源码目录,而不是使用系统自带的版本,这样更可控。
本站目前使用 OpenSSL 1.0.2k:
wget -O openssl.tar.gz -c https://github.com/openssl/openssl/archive/OpenSSL_1_0_2k.tar.gz
tar zxf openssl.tar.gz
mv openssl-OpenSSL_1_0_2k/ openssl
打上 ChaCha20/Poly1305 补丁:
cd openssl
patch -p1 < ../sslconfig/patches/openssl__chacha20_poly1305_draft_and_rfc_ossl102j.patch
cd ../
添加 echo-nginx-module
echo-nginx-module
模块为 nginx 服务,扩展了 echo
, sleep
, time
, exec
等非常不错的 shell
风格的功能,她提供了各种工具帮助测试和调试 nginx 服务,项目地址:https://github.com/openresty/echo-nginx-module
wget -c https://github.com/openresty/echo-nginx-module/archive/v0.61.tar.gz -O echo-nginx-module.tar.gz
tar zxf echo-nginx-module.tar.gz
编译并安装 Nginx
接着就可以获取 Nginx 源码,并打上 Dynamic TLS Records 补丁:
wget -c https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.12.1.tar.gz
tar zxf nginx-1.12.1.tar.gz
cd nginx-1.12.1/
patch -p1 < ../sslconfig/patches/nginx__1.11.5_dynamic_tls_records.patch
cd ../
编译和安装:
cd nginx-1.12.1/
./configure --add-module=../echo-nginx-module --add-module=../ngx_brotli --add-module=../nginx-ct-1.3.2 --with-openssl=../openssl --with-http_v2_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_gzip_static_module
make
make install
除了 http_v2
和 http_ssl
这两个 HTTP/2 必备模块之外,我还额外启用了 http_gzip_static
,需要启用哪些模块需要根据自己实际情况来决定(注:从 Nginx 1.11.5 开始,ipv6
模块已经内置,故 --with-ipv6
配置项已被移除)。
以上步骤会把 Nginx 装到 /usr/local/nginx/
目录,如需更改路径可以在 configure 时指定。
管理脚本与自启动
为了方便管理 Nginx 服务,需要创建一个管理脚本:
vim /etc/init.d/nginx
输入以下内容,这里重新参考了 Nginx 官方管理脚本
#!/bin/sh
#
# nginx - this script starts and stops the nginx daemon
#
# chkconfig: - 85 15
# description: NGINX is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \
# proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server
# processname: nginx
# config: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# config: /etc/sysconfig/nginx
# pidfile: /var/run/nginx.pid
# Source function library.
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
# Source networking configuration.
. /etc/sysconfig/network
# Check that networking is up.
[ "$NETWORKING" = "no" ] && exit 0
nginx="/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
prog=$(basename $nginx)
NGINX_CONF_FILE="/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
[ -f /etc/sysconfig/nginx ] && . /etc/sysconfig/nginx
lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/nginx
make_dirs() {
# make required directories
user=`$nginx -V 2>&1 | grep "configure arguments:.*--user=" | sed 's/[^*]*--user=\([^ ]*\).*/\1/g' -`
if [ -n "$user" ]; then
if [ -z "`grep $user /etc/passwd`" ]; then
useradd -M -s /bin/nologin $user
fi
options=`$nginx -V 2>&1 | grep 'configure arguments:'`
for opt in $options; do
if [ `echo $opt | grep '.*-temp-path'` ]; then
value=`echo $opt | cut -d "=" -f 2`
if [ ! -d "$value" ]; then
# echo "creating" $value
mkdir -p $value && chown -R $user $value
fi
fi
done
fi
}
start() {
[ -x $nginx ] || exit 5
[ -f $NGINX_CONF_FILE ] || exit 6
make_dirs
echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
daemon $nginx -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -eq 0 ] && touch $lockfile
return $retval
}
stop() {
echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
killproc $prog -QUIT
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -eq 0 ] && rm -f $lockfile
return $retval
}
restart() {
configtest || return $?
stop
sleep 1
start
}
reload() {
configtest || return $?
echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
killproc $nginx -HUP
RETVAL=$?
echo
}
force_reload() {
restart
}
configtest() {
$nginx -t -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
}
rh_status() {
status $prog
}
rh_status_q() {
rh_status >/dev/null 2>&1
}
case "$1" in
start)
rh_status_q && exit 0
$1
;;
stop)
rh_status_q || exit 0
$1
;;
restart|configtest)
$1
;;
reload)
rh_status_q || exit 7
$1
;;
force-reload)
force_reload
;;
status)
rh_status
;;
condrestart|try-restart)
rh_status_q || exit 0
;;
*)
echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload|configtest}"
exit 2
esac
增加执行权限:
chmod a+x /etx/init.d/nginx
现在管理 Nginx 只需使用以下命令即可:
service nginx start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload|configtest
设置开机自启动 Nginx:
chkconfig --add /etc/init.d/nginx
chkconfig nginx on
Nginx 全局配置
到此为止,Nginx 已经安装完毕。再来修改一下它的全局配置,打开 /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
,新增或修改以下内容:
# 进程用户
user nginx;
worker_processes 1;
error_log /var/log/nginx/yugasun.com/last/error.default.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - [$time_local] "$request" $status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" "$http_user_agent"';
log_format nginx_cache '{"remote_addr":"$remote_addr","time_local":"$time_local","request_method":"$request_method","request_uri":"$request_uri","status":"$status","http_referer":"$http_referer","http_user_agent":"$http_user_agent","cache_status":"$upstream_cache_status"}';
log_format nodelog '{"remote_addr":"$remote_addr","time_local":"$time_local","request_method":"$request_method","request_uri":"$request_uri","status":"$status","http_referer":"$http_referer","http_user_agent":"$http_user_agent","cache_status":"$upstream_cache_status"}';
# 默认编码
charset utf-8;
# 默认日志
access_log /var/log/nginx/yugasun.com/last/access.default.log main;
open_log_file_cache max=1000 inactive=60s;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
gzip on;
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_min_length 1000;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_http_version 1.0;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript application/javascript image/svg+xml;
# 如果编译时添加了 ngx_brotli 模块,需要增加 brotli 相关配置
brotli on;
brotli_comp_level 6;
brotli_types text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript application/javascript image/svg+xml;
include vhost/*.conf;
}
最后的 include
用来加载我个人目录下的配置文件。
要让网站支持浏览器通过 HTTP/2
访问必须先部署 HTTPS
,要部署 HTTPS
必须先有合法的证书。本博客目前使用 Let's Encrypt 的免费证书就足够了,还可以节省一笔开销。
要申请 Let's Encrypt 证书,推荐使用 Neilpang/acme.sh 这个小巧无依赖的命令行工具,或者参考屈大大的这篇文章:Let's Encrypt,免费好用的 HTTPS 证书。
Web 站点配置
在 vhost
目录下新建 yugasun.com.conf
, 配置如下:
server {
server_name yugasun.com www.yugasun.com;
root /opt/www/blog/public;
set $node_port 8360;
index index.html index.htm;
# 加载ssl证书
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_tokens off;
# Certificate Transparency
ssl_ct on;
ssl_ct_static_scts /usr/local/nginx/conf/scts;
# certs sent to the client in SERVER HELLO are concatenated in ssl_certificate
ssl_certificate /usr/local/nginx/conf/ssl/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /usr/local/nginx/conf/ssl/privkey.pem;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_session_tickets off;
# intermediate configuration. tweak to your needs.
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers EECDH+CHACHA20:EECDH+CHACHA20-draft:EECDH+AES128:RSA+AES128:EECDH+AES256:RSA+AES256:EECDH+3DES:RSA+3DES:!MD5;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# OCSP Stapling ---
# fetch OCSP records from URL in ssl_certificate and cache them
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
# verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
ssl_trusted_certificate /usr/local/nginx/conf/ssl/root_ca_cert_plus_intermediates.pem;
# nginx dns resolver
resolver 114.114.114.114 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 10s;
# 404重写
error_page 404 = /404.html;
error_log /var/log/nginx/yugasun.com/last/error.log warn;
access_log /var/log/nginx/yugasun.com/last/access.log nginx_cache;
# 禁止访问admin
location ^~ /admin {
return 403;
}
if ( $host != 'yugasun.com' ){
rewrite ^/(.*)$ https://yugasun.com/$1 permanent;
}
# 拒绝访问根目录下的js配置
location ~* ^/[^\/]+\.js$ {
return 403;
}
if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST|OPTIONS)$ ) {
return 444;
}
etag on;
gzip on;
# 静态文件
location ^~ /static/ {
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;
expires max;
}
location / {
proxy_http_version 1.1;
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload";
add_header X-Frame-Options deny;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options nosniff;
#add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'none'; script-src 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval' blob: https: https://yugasun.disqus.com; img-src data: https: http://static.yugasun.com; style-src 'unsafe-inline' https:; child-src https:; connect-src 'self' ws://ai.yugasun.com wss://ai.yugasun.com https://translate.googleapis.com https://*.disqus.com; frame-src https://disqus.com https://www.slideshare.net; font-src 'self' data: https: https://static.yugasun.com";
add_header Public-Key-Pins 'pin-sha256="YLh1dUR9y6Kja30RrAn7JKnbQG/uEtLMkBgFF2Fuihg="; pin-sha256="aef6IF2UF6jNEwA2pNmP7kpgT6NFSdt7Tqf5HzaIGWI="; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains';
proxy_hide_header Vary;
proxy_hide_header X-Powered-By;
proxy_set_header X-Via Yuga.Sun;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real_IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_redirect off;
}
# hexo blog auto build
location /auto_build {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:6666;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name yugasun.com www.yugasun.com;
include inc/acme-challenge.conf;
access_log off;
error_log off;
add_header strict-transport-security 'max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload';
location / {
rewrite ^(.*) https://yugasun.com$1 permanent;
}
}
日志自动切分
上一节中,我在 Nginx 的站点配置中通过 access_log
指定了访问日志的存放位置。Nginx 启动后,会持续往这个文件写入访问日志。如果网站访问量很大,最好能按照指定大小或者时间间隔切分日志,便于后期管理和排查问题。
虽然本站访问量不大,但我也使用了 logrotate
工具对访问日志进行了按天切分。
大多数 Linux 发行版都内置了 logrotate
,只需新建一个配置文件即可,例如:
vim /etc/logrotate.d/nginx
# 这里的 /opt/www/nginx_log/ 是站点配置中的 `access_log` 指定存放位置
# nginx.pid 的路径 全局配置 /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf 中的pid 字段,默认为 /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid
/opt/www/nginx_log/*.log {
daily
rotate 5
missingok
notifempty
sharedscripts
dateext
postrotate
if [ -f /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid ]; then
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid`
fi
endscript
}
配置中的具体指令的含义可以查看 linux 手册。配置好后可以手动执行下,检查是否正常:
/usr/sbin/logrotate -f /etc/logrotate.d/nginx
如果一切无误,后续 Nginx 的访问日志就会自动按天切分,并以年月日作为文件后缀,一目了然。
安全测试和评分
一切配置成功后,推荐使用以下两个在线服务来检测站点 HTTPS 配置:
- Qualys SSL Labs's SSL Server Test
测试地址:https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/index.html,以下是本博客测试结果截图: 查看完整测试结果 »
- HTTP Security Report
测试地址:https://httpsecurityreport.com/,以下是本博客测试结果截图: 查看完整测试结果 »